Video Games And Its Effects On The Classroom - 929 Words

As technology changes each generation, so does choice of pastime. The most notable one being a kid’s obsession with video games, spending hours glued to the monitor. Instead of fighting it, educators around the nation are accepting and adopting the video game interest to their classrooms. Many may argue that videogames are a distraction and are too violent, however, if implemented in school systems the games used will be safe and focused around the core subject. Otherwise, â€Å"there are teachers out there that are interested in leveraging game for learning, they re not alone.† as the director of the academic and digital learning Lucas Gillispie says, It makes it logical to implement video games to the class lesson as it provides a fun and effective way for students to learn with. One of the most popular game amongst young children, Minecraft, have already been implemented in many school systems nationwide. Minecraft is a digital lego like, sandbox game, meaning that t he player has complete freedom within that game world. Players manipulate the world around them through, as the game name says, mining and crafting. The game itself has an overwhelming amount of items mirror the real world with, giving Minecraft a high educational value to the point that it has it’s own educational variety, MinecraftEdu. According to the T H E Journal’s â€Å"4 Innovative Ways To Teach With Video Games†, their use of Minecraft was intentionally used as an after school program for at-risk students.Show MoreRelatedThe Impact of Technology1443 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology, mainly computers and video games, have made a vast difference in our society. Many years ago there were not very many forms of technology that existed. People often used type writers, went, dancing, did puzzle, and played board games for entertainment. Nowadays, the use of computers has become extremely popular. If an individual is not using a computer for some form on entert ainment, they are most likely using it for something along the lines of school or work. Technology has gone fromRead MoreUsing Video Games in the Classroom1407 Words   |  6 PagesVideo Games could be used in the classroom for a wide variety of different subjects, ranging from math, to science, to english and even in foreign language classes as many games that are made in different countries are in that countrys own language. Of Course games are almost always translated into different languages so that people worldwide could play them but a foreign language teacher wouldn’t find it too difficult to get ahold of a copy of a game in a foreign language. Music classes such asRead MoreVideo Games Helps Improve Education Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages Video games has had a long history of being seen as a negative thing. It seems to be out of the question to use them in classrooms and as a teaching tool. This is the wrong way to look at them however. Video games may be one o f the best tools for classrooms and helping students learn not only school topics, but even help them with different skills in the classroom and to help them reduce one of student’s biggest issues; stress. All of these things can be done with the use of video games in theRead MoreThe Concept Of Video Games Has Always Been Entitled To1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of video games has always been entitled to be a harmful tool for the younger audience, generally speaking about children. The scenario created doesn’t only affect the players, but also the surroundings due to the consequences, like fighting outside of the home. This happens because of the violent content and also the addiction and that causes in children. However, not all games are the same. From another perspective, it’s been proven that there’s a group who’s researching for the positiveRead MoreRationale on Effects of Playing Computer Games on the Academic Performance of the Stud ents1503 Words   |  7 PagesRationale and Importance Gaming in Education: What Students Can Learn From Video Games in School As new teachers enter the workforce with greater technology familiarity than their predecessors, a wider margin of accepted teaching methods has developed, changing the way in which educators are able to form successful instructional relationships with their students. Many districts, in order to help faculty keep pace with their rapidly changing and technologically capable student bodies, are attemptingRead MoreProblems Associated With Educational Video Games Into Their K 12 Curriculum982 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States to increase their worldwide K-12 educational efficiency ranking and avoid improper usage of such technological resources, school districts must perform a slow implementation of technological devices and their associated educational video games into their K-12 curriculum. Many of the problems associated with the LAUSD iPad Initiative could have been avoided if the school district tested the use of iPads on a few selected schools as oppose to immediately implementi ng the devices into everyRead MorePositive Impact Of Technology871 Words   |  4 Pagespositive effects, there can be a variety of negative as well. Wolpert explains â€Å"As technology has played a bigger role in our lives, our skills in critical thinking and analysis have declined.† Before technology, many people would read for pleasure, in recent years it can be shown that doesnt happen frequently. Reading for pleasure allowed to think more deeply and also enhanced the imagination in ways that technology can’t (Wolpert). Although there was positive impacts from video games, there wasRead MoreVideo Games Effect On Children1344 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games have been known to be a negative effect on children throughout the years. They have also been connected to violent behaviors. With this, games have been given a lot of negative light within the media, yet they are seen in a large amount of homes throughout the United States. Lately, computers and tablets have been introduced into the american school system given children even more access to video games throughout their day. This brings up the question if maybe using different games mayRead MoreDefining Learning And Funds Of Knowledge1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthat are embedded into the daily learning environment; these include all the practices and routines learned by the learners either in their families or classrooms. As a result, it is paramount for the parents, teachers, and the students to learn how funds of knowledge can be gathered and learned to benefit the both families and children in the classroom. Additionally, the learning and funds of knowledge approach are very crucial because it helps the teaching staffs to ensure that learners are undergoingRead MoreTechnology And Technology Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pupils not understanding what they have read. The use of technology can have positive and negative results on student performance; researchers also have conducted many different tests and studies to see the impacts of the use of technology in classrooms. When using technology for learning, people have demonstrated positive results. The internet has given students exceptional results like, literacy advancements, easier access to information, and better motivation (O’Hara Pritchard, 2014, para

A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning Free Essays

Bacillus cereus is an aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria causing toxin-mediated food poisoning. Optimum temperature for its growth is 30-37Â °C. However, it can also tolerate a wide range of temperature; some strains can grow up to 55Â °C while others can grow at temperatures as low as 4 to 5Â °C (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many strains from dairy products are able to thrive at lower temperatures. The minimum pH requirement for growth is 4. 3, while maximum pH is around 9. 3. This bacterial population grows best in the presence of oxygen (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Nevertheless, since this species is facultative anaerobic it also grows well in anaerobic conditions (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Toxin production has been found to be much lower under anaerobic conditions. Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming micro-organism which occurs naturally in most foods. It causes two different and distinct forms of food poisoning: an emetic illness and a diarrhoeal illness (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Bacillus cereus causes food-borne emetic illness by producing a highly stable toxin that survives high temperatures and exposure to trypsin, pepsin and pH extremes. Bacillus cereus levels in foods associated with emetic form of food poisoning have ranged from 1,000 to 50 billion colony-forming units (cfu)/gram (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). High numbers of bacterial population have been also detected in faecal samples from affected persons. Diarrhoeal illness is mediated by a heat- and acid-labile enterotoxin produced during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine (Granum, 1994). Four different enterotoxins have been characterized. Two are protein complexes such as non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and haemolysin BL (HBL) and two are enterotoxic proteins such as enterotoxin T (bc-D-ENT) and cytotoxin K (Lund, DeBuyser Granum, 2000). The occurrence of the diarrhoeal-type syndrome has been largely reported in the US and Europe, where the disease has been greatly associated with foods such as meat, vegetable, poultry, desserts and sauces (Giannella and Brasile, 1979). Prevalence of the vomiting type syndrome has been reported in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA, food borne poisoning is commonly associated with the consumption of cooked fried rice (Mortimer and McCann, 1974). Serotyping studies conducted by Taylor and Gilbert (1975) showed that strains from incidents of food poisoning in US and Europe characterised by a longer incubation period and with diarrhoea as the main symptom have provided serotypes 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, whereas those which caused the rice-associated emetic illness in United Kingdom, Canada and USA were serotypes 1, 3 or 5. Bacillus cereus food poisoning is mostly associated with rice dishes, and sporadically with other food stuffs such as meat, vegetable, pasta, dairy products, sauces, soups and sweet pastries. Bacillus cereus food-borne poisoning is also associated with pudding, cream, spices, dry milk, dry potatoes and spaghetti sauces. Bacterial contamination of the food product by the large occurs prior to cooking. Even after cooking the microbial population thrives because vegetative forms can grow over a wide range of temperatures from 25Â °C to 42Â °C and are also capable of producing endotoxins. Endospores have the ability to survive extremely high and low temperatures. When they are allowed to cool fairly gradually, they once again begin to germinate and multiply. Spores are highly resistant to dry heat than moist heat. Emetic toxins are also extremely resistant to heat. They can survive 90 min at 126Â °C, while diarrhoeal toxins are inactivated at 56Â °C in 5 min. Clinical Description Bacillus cereus is widely known as the etiological agent of food-borne poisoning, causing both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. Both diarrhoea and emesis can be clearly distinguished by their clinical features. Diarrhoea is provoked by heat-labile enterotoxins, while emesis is caused by a heat-stable depsipeptide toxin called cereulide (Ehling, Fricker Scherer, 2004). The clinical syndromes associated with the diarrhoeal form of illness are longer incubation about 6 to 24 hours period, very watery diarrhoea (similar to that of C. perfringens), presence of moderate to severe abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting in some patients, duration of illness ranges from a minimum of 20 hours to a maximum of 36 hours. Clinical features associated with the emetic form of illness are shorter incubation period of about 1 to 6 hours, presence of vomiting and abdominal cramps; diarrhoea is not severe and is present in only about a third of affected individuals (similar to poisoning by S. aureus), duration of sickness ranges from 8 to 10 hours. In both types of syndromes, fever is exceptional and disease is usually docile. Bacillus cereus also can cause other diseases such as local skin and wound infections, ocular infections, fulminant liver failure. Invasive disease, including bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, brain abscess, and meningitis are also caused by Bacillus cereus. Ocular involvement includes panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Apart, it can bring about other infections namely, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, in addition to brain and liver abscesses (Drobniewski, 1993). It is a rare cause of endocarditis (Fowler et al. 2005) reported in patients with prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use (IVDU), and in patient with leukaemia. Food Poisoning by other Bacillus species Toxic food poisoning is not only caused by Bacillus cereus, several other Bacillus species have also been implicated in food poisoning incidents. The most important species are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. These organisms are capable of producing an extremely heat-stable toxin which seems very similar to the emetic type produced by B. cereus (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989). These species are widely associated with food products like meat, vegetable, flour, pastry, sausage rolls, meat pies and pastries, curries and various ethnic dishes with rice, and stuffed poultry. Bacillus subtilis is associated mainly with meat, vegetables in pastry, poultry products, and occasionally with bakery items such as bread, crumpets, sandwiches, and ethnic meat or seafood dishes. Food poisoning syndrome associated with B. subtilis causes acute onset nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps, incubation range is 2-5 hours, often with diarrhoea. Poisoning due to B. licheniformis shows the following symptoms; diarrhoea is more common than vomiting, incubation period is about 8 hours. Another species which was isolated in high numbers from rice associated with a food poisoning outbreak was B. pumilus. Symptoms were consistent with those similar for food poisoning by other Bacillus species than B. cereus. C. perfringens food poisoning produces a heat-labile toxin which caused predominantly lower gastrointestinal (diarrheal) disease about 12 hours after ingestion much similar to the diarrheal type syndrome caused by B. cereus. Case Studies In August 2003, five children of a Belgian family became sick after eating pasta salad. The pasta salad prepared on a Friday was taken to picnic on Saturday. The leftovers had been stored in the refrigerator. The following Monday evening the pasta was served for supper to the children. Since the pasta had an unusual odour three children (aged 14, 10 and 9) did not eat much, they ate very little quantities. After 6 hours the youngest child (aged 7) started vomiting and complained of respiratory distress. She was immediately rushed to the hospital. Upon arrival at the hospital the other 3 children also felt nauseous and started vomiting. The condition of all the children began to worsen; hence they were transported to the University Hospital in Leuven. However, during transfer, the child (aged 7) had severe pulmonary haemorrhage, quickly followed by coma, diffuse bleeding, and severe muscle cramps. She died within 20 minutes, at 13 hours after the intake of pasta. Autopsy report revealed the presence of Bacillus cereus in her gut content. The other 3 children were kept under treatment for 8 days and they gradually recovered (Dierick et al. 2005). This case elucidated the probable severity of the emetic illness, also stressing on the importance of sufficient refrigeration of cooked food. Some B. cereus strains are known to be sychrotrophic and these strains have the maximum emetic toxin production between 12 and 15Â °C. In the present case, the temperature of the refrigerator where the pasta salad was stored was 14Â °C. This probably allowed B. cereus strains to multiply quickly to attain a count of more than 108 CFU/g in 3 days along with a very high toxin production (Dierick et al. 2005). Food borne poisoning was reported in a military camp in Jurong, Singapore. This food poisoning outbreak involved 19 army personnel who became unwell after breakfast. All these army personnel had been served fried rice by a food stall in a civilian canteen. The illness was characterized by vomiting (89. 5%), abdominal cramps (52. 6%), diarrhoea (47. 4%), headache (47. 4%) and fever (10. 5%) (Tay, Goh Tan, 1982). The incubation time extended from 13/4 hours to 51/2 hours. Bacillus cereus was detected in the vomitus of the affected soldiers (Tay, Goh Tan, 1982). This makes it clear that Bacillus cereus is a causative agent for the food borne poisoning resulting in emetic and diarrhoeal illness. This species contaminates food products, especially cooked rice and refrigerated products. It is therefore essential to follow proper cooking and refrigeration methods. Proper cooking and storage of foods, especially rice cooked for later use, will facilitate to thwart food borne epidemics. For the most part B. cereus food borne outbreak is an outcome of eating cooked foods which are cooled slowly and stored the wrong way. Generally food should be stored at temperatures higher than 60Â °C or quickly chilled to less than 10Â °C immediately after cooking. Bibliography Dierick, K. , Coillie, E. V. , Swiecicka, I. , Meyfroidt, G. , Devlieger, H. , Meulemans, A. , Hoedemaekers, G. , Fourie, L. , Heyndrickx, M. Mahillon, J. (2005). Fatal Family Outbreak of Bacillus cereus-Associated Food Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Aug. 2005, 43(8), pp. 4277–4279. Drobniewski, F. A. (1993): Bacillus Cereus and related species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 6(4), pp. 324-38. Ehling-Schulz, M. , Fricker, M. Scherer, S. (2004). Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48, pp. 479–487. Fowler, V. G. Jr. , Miro, J. M. , Hoen, B. , Cabell, C. H. , Abrutyn, E. , Rubinstein, E. , Corey, G. R. , Spelman, D. , Bradley, S. F. , Barsic, B. , Pappas, P. A. , Anstrom, K. J. , Wray, D. , Fortes, C. Q. , Anguera, I. , Athan, E. , Jones, P. , Meer, J. T. van der, Elliott, T. S. , Levine, D. P. Bayer, A. S. (2005) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005 Jun 22. 293(24), pp. 3012-21. Giannella, R. A. and Brasile, L. A. (1979). Hospital foodborne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus. Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological studies. J Infect Dis. 139, pp. 366 – 370. Granum, P. E. (1994). Bacillus cereus and its toxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Suppl. 23, pp. 61S–66S. Kramer, J. M. Gilbert, R. J. (1989) Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. In Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, Doyle MP, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. pp 21-70. Louisiana Office of PublicHealth. (2004). Bacillus cereus – Toxi-infection. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section- Infectious Disease Control Manual. Available from: http://www. dhh. louisiana. gov/offices/miscdocs/docs-249/Manual/BacillusCereusManual. pdf Lund, T. , DeBuyser, M. L. Granum, P. E. (2000). A new cytotoxin from Bacillus cereus that may cause necrotic enteritis. Mol. Microbiol. 38, pp. 254–261. Mortimer, P. R. and McCann, G. (1974). Food poisoning episodes associated with Bacillus cereus in fried rice. Lancet. 1, pp. 1403 – 1405. Microbial Pathogen Datasheets. Bacillus cereus. (2001). May 2001. Retrieved from: www. nzfsa. govt. nz/science/data-sheets/bacillus-cereus. pdf Tay, L. , Goh, K. T. and Tan, S. E. (1982). An outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Singapore Medical Journal. 23(4), pp. 214 – 217. Taylor, A. J. and Gilbert, R. J. (1975). Bacillus cereus food poisoning: A provisional serotyping scheme. J. Med. Microbiol. 8, pp. 543 – 550. How to cite A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning, Papers

Outstanding Black Americans free essay sample

A discussion on some of the the achievements of well known Black Americans, such as Oprah Winfrey, Tiger Woods and Bill Cosby and the way in which they have become role models for other black Americans. The following paper examines how a number of black Americans lived through tumultuous times and faced brutal racism, however despite the hardships they all went through they are success stories. The writer focuses on their history, how some came out of impoverished backgrounds and others from modest income families. This paper briefly looks at the successes and failures of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Oprah Winfrey, Tiger Woods , Bill Cosby, Sarah King and Michael Jordan, their inner strength of spirit, and the way in which over the years they have transformed themselves as they worked towards making their dreams a reality. Of course, there was the memory of Martin Luther King. The flamboyant Jesse Jackson was often on news programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Outstanding Black Americans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oprah Winfrey was the one black person who not only gained entry into millions of living rooms but also was welcomed warmly. For years Black Americans gained recognition for their ability in baseball, basketball, football and tennis. But it was Oprah who changed the viewpoints of millions of Americans who identified with the compassionate woman. She not only became a household name, but a woman whom viewers held in high esteem regardless of their race. Her political agenda transcended party lines. She wanted to make a difference for black people, and to make this world a better place. She is respected for her ethical and moral approach to the issues of today. Her style reached out and connected with what every woman was thinking because she asked the questions and said the things that they understood. (Mair 78) There werent a lot of black people on Chicago television in 1985, but Oprahs show A.M. Chicago was a big hit.

Using Animals for Research

Table of Contents Introduction Why Use Animals Research Consideration Successes of Animal Research Ethical Issues in Using Animals for Research Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Researches have played a major role in improving the health standards of human beings and animals in general. In the past, pandemics and epidemics used to rein terror on human beings and animals. Diseases like Rinderpest, chickenpox, and plaque used to claim the lives of many individuals, however successful researches provided cures for these diseases and they no longer pose any threat. In order to find successful cures for human beings, it has proved necessary to use animals in research.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Using Animals for Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research using animals has in turn proved to be very reliable and efficient; many of the cures that have been developed have in one way or the othe r involved animal research. Using animals in research should therefore not be opposed rather should be unanimously endorsed. Why Use Animals Using animals in research, not only benefit human beings but also animals. It has been a known fact that human beings and animals are closely related and they get many of the same illnesses. Some animals are known to stand in for humans with particular diseases. In general, animal research is the type of research, survey, experiment that involves vertebrates such as mice, pigs and primates. On the other hand, clinical research is the study that entails scientists to use humans. These studies are critical and for research to reach this stage there must have been prior extensive preliminary tests in animal research studies. It is thus logical that animals be used to improve their lives and that of human beings. The world keep on fluctuating with many new diseases reported at every historical epoch (Sharp 1). It is thus obvious that emergence of n ew diseases, resistance of existing one and the need of developing vaccines makes research inevitable. These diseases and various ailments affect the immune system of animals and humans, making it weak and unable to withstand or combat the antigens. These activities take place in the body of a being and there is no way one can understand the nature of the antigens without dissecting the respective affected beings. Since the being’s immune system has failed to prevent the body from the attacks, there is no way a sick or dead organism can become ideal for conducting successful research on devising the cure of the disease that has already defeated its immune system. The affected being is crucial in understanding the nature of the disease but another healthy being is even more important in devising a cure (Herren 67). Based on the need to create a disease free world, it is inevitable to avoid research. Given the fact that researches in medical and scientific fields are inevitable , animals become the ideal and most appropriate specimen to use since human beings cannot be used in the preliminary researches.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human beings have also become increasingly used in researches. For a medicine or a vaccine to be verified and proved successful, then at one time, or the other, human beings must be used in the research work. If human beings can be used in the research work then there is no way that animals can be exempted (Kalat 23). Research Consideration Contrary to what has been the main argument in opposing use of animals in research work, all medical and scientific researches are carefully planned including research with animals. Animals are not, unjustifiably exploited nor put through painful experiments without an important agenda. The researchers weigh several sensitive considerations before approving each study. In medical res earch using animals as specimen, the most important aspect to take into account is the relevance of the research to human or animal health. Researchers contrary to what has been the general notion protect animals’ welfare. Researchers only use the most appropriate species and in the fewest numbers possible (Greenhaven Staff 12). Almost all researchers in ensuring that all animals are treated in the most humane way enduring the least distress follow the federal law in the US. Animals should be used and have always been used in researches because of the various formidable reasons. Animals are used because they are in many ways like human beings especially in the normal and basic body functioning like breathing, eating, hearing and seeing. Nature has been regarded as economical and the same processes are known to be recycled over time. By using animals, scientists are assured of finding crucial and linking comparisons with human beings. Some diseases like the one caused by tsets e fly affect both animals and human beings (Chiras 34). Animals are thus the perfect specimen to use when in the process of conducting a research; it is impractical or unethical to use humans. Animals are also known to be susceptible to the same health problems like the one affecting human beings. They are therefore convenient, taking into account that they also have short life cycles. Moreover, the various medical research centers are able to control and diversify the environment around the animal for example diet, temperature and lighting, something that s almost impractical to try on people. Human beings cannot be exposed to health risks for researchers to observe the course of a disease.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Using Animals for Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Successes of Animal Research Researches using animals have been very successful and there is no founded reason to stop or o ppose these endeavors. Some of the most successful studies using animals have been highlighted below. Heart disease and its related conditions affect almost a quarter of the US population costing more than three hundred billion dollars in budget allocation and is the number one killer. Using animals such as dogs and cats, the basic heart mechanism have been studied and in fact, the study with dogs immensely contributed to the basic methods of controlling heart disease being devised. The modern heart treatment methods were also devised after successful study with dogs. Heart transplants, cardiac bypass, angioplasty and other treatments all resulted from this study with dogs; in addition, the various methods of diagnosis and treatment were also developed. These are electrocardiography, coronary blood flow measurements among others. HIV/AIDS has become one of the most feared pandemic to, ever hit, the earth. All countries of the world are affected in one way or the other, the hardest h it being in the sub-Saharan Africa. To this date, there is no cure that has been found for the pandemic. However various advancements have been made, the comprehensive understanding of the viruses that causes the pandemic has been derived from the study of similar viruses in monkeys, chicken and cats. Vaccines are in the process of being tested on mice and monkeys before being administered on volunteers (Research Development 2). In the past, bacteria infections were deadly and fatal; they were the main causes of death ad other acute diseases. Although in the contemporary modern world bacterial infections are extremely common and have affected people on numerous occasions during their lifetime, they are now readily treatable with antibiotics. With animals in research, in this case mice and other rodents, penicillin and other antibiotics were established as effective treatments for bacterial infections. Animals thus continue to provide crucial information to scientists on ways of comb ating certain deadly diseases (The American Physiological Society 10).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethical Issues in Using Animals for Research The concern over the ethical issues arising in the use of animals has always been voiced. Those that oppose the use of animals being used in researches feel that animals are living beings and if people would not wish to be subjected to pain, then, it is ethically wrong to do the same to helpless animals. Those people who keep animals as pets feel much offended by the use of animals in research as they describe their relationship with the animals as equivalent to that with human beings. They talk of compassion, love, loyalty and so forth. It has also been argued that students may sometimes fail to euthanize animals for research and thus subjecting them to undesirable pain. There are no measures in place to ensure such kinds of students are deterred (Herren 325). Conclusion Using animals in research is desirable. Scientists do not conclusively understand human biology to an extent of directly applying new medical treatments on people or the daily evolving surgical procedures and processes. The desire to look for lifesaving cures cannot be overlooked as this is the desire of humanity to have a society where human suffering ad agony is minimal. Using animals especially in biomedical researches is thus inevitable and objective. Works Cited Chiras, Daniel. Human Biology. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2010. Print. Greenhaven staff. Should Animals Be Used in Scientific Research? Greenhaven: Greenhaven Press, 1987. Print. Herren, Ray. The science of animal agriculture. New York: Delmar, 2000. Kalat, James. Biological Psychology.Belmont: Wadsworth, 2008. Research Development. ‘‘Use of Animals in Research’’ Research Development , 2009. 07 Apr. 2011. https://www.research.va.gov/programs/animal_research/ Sharp, Richard. ‘‘Ethical issues in the use of Animals in Biomedical Research.’’ Baylor College of Medicine, 2004. 07 Apr. 2011. https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ ncstate/biomedical.htm The American Physiological Society. ‘‘Why do scientists use animals in research?’’ Bethesda, 2006. 07 Apr. 2011. https://www.the-aps.org/career/policy-advocacy/animal-research/Why-do-scientists-use-animals-in-research?SSO=Y This research paper on Using Animals for Research was written and submitted by user Barracuda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Expedient vs. Expeditious

Expedient vs. Expeditious â€Å"Expedient† vs. â€Å"Expeditious† â€Å"Expedient† vs. â€Å"Expeditious† By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between expedient and expeditious? The words were originally synonymous, but their meanings diverged long ago, and the distinction is small but significant. Both words derive from the Latin term expedire, which means â€Å"disengage† or â€Å"prepare.† (The literal meaning is â€Å"free the feet.†) As you may have guessed, that’s also the source of expedition, in the original sense of â€Å"journey† and the associated meaning of â€Å"those on a journey.† (The adjective form is expeditionary.) From expedire came the word expedite, meaning â€Å"dispatch or issue,† â€Å"do promptly,† or â€Å"speed up.† (Expediate is an unnecessary variant.) Two adjectives developed from this term: Expeditious originally meant â€Å"fitting† or â€Å"useful,† but it later acquired the sense of â€Å"promptly efficient† and lost its original meaning, which expedient retains. Expedient has two connotations, once neutral and the other more common slightly pejorative: Something that is expedient may be suitable, but the word more likely reflects what is done out of self-interest or because it is most convenient rather than the best solution. The adverbial form of expedient is expediently; the noun forms are expedience and, better, expediency. The adverbial form of expeditious is expeditiously, and the noun form is expeditiousness. The unrelated word expeditation (the verb form is expeditate) is closer to the literal meaning of the Latin source; it means to declaw a dog or remove the pads of its feet to deter it from chasing animals the word is therefore almost an antonym of expedite and I hope it’s obsolete. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Driver License vs. Driver’s LicenseParataxis and Hypotaxis

Barack Obama - Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (2004)

Barack Obama 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address delivered 27 July 2004, Fleet Center, Boston Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let’s face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father my grandfather was a cook, a domestic servant to the British. But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place, America, that shone as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before. While studying here, my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas. Her father worked on oil rigs and farms through most of the Depression. The day after Pearl Harbor my grandfather signed up for duty; joined Patton’s army, marched across Europe. Back home, my grandmother raised a baby and went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, they studied on the G.I. Bill, bought a house through F.H.A., and later moved west all the way to Hawaii in search of opportunity. And they, too, had big dreams for their daughter. A common dream, born of two continents. My parents shared not only an improbable love, they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or †blessed,† believing that in a tolerant America your name is no barrier to success. They imagined They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren’t rich, because in a generous America you don’t have to be rich to achieve your potential. Theyre both passed away now. And yet, I know that on this night they look down on me with great pride. They stand here, and I stand here today, grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents’ dreams live on in my two precious daughters. I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that, in no other country on earth, is my story even possible. Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our Nation not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy. Our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That is the true genius of America, a faith a faith in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door; that we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe; that we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution, and that our votes will be counted at least most of the time. This year, in this election we are called to reaffirm our values and our commitments, to hold them against a hard reality and see how were measuring up to the legacy of our forbearers and the promise of future generations. And fellow Americans, Democrats, Republicans, Independents, I say to you tonight: We have more work to do more work to do for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that’s moving to Mexico, and now are having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay seven bucks an hour; more to do for the father that I met who was losing his job and choking back the tears, wondering how he would pay 4500 dollars a month for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits that he counted on; more to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her, who has the grades, has the drive, has the will, but doesn’t have the money to go to college. Now, don’t get me wrong. The people I meet in small towns and big cities, in diners and office parks they don’t expect government to solve all their problems. They know they have to work hard to get ahead, and they want to. Go into the collar counties around Chicago, and people will tell you they don’t want their tax money wasted, by a welfare agency or by the Pentagon. Go in Go into any inner city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can’t teach our kids to learn; they know that parents have to teach, that children can’t achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. They know those things. People don’t expect People dont expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice. In this election, we offer that choice. Our Party has chosen a man to lead us who embodies the best this country has to offer. And that man is John Kerry. John Kerry understands the ideals of community, faith, and service because they’ve defined his life. From his heroic service to Vietnam, to his years as a prosecutor and lieutenant governor, through two decades in the United States Senate, hes devoted himself to this country. Again and again, we’ve seen him make tough choices when easier ones were available. His values and his record affirm what is best in us. John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded; so instead of offering tax breaks to companies shipping jobs overseas, he offers them to companies creating jobs here at home. John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage our politicians in Washington have for themselves. John Kerry believes in energy independence, so we aren’t held hostage to the profits of oil companies, or the sabotage of foreign oil fields. John Kerry believes in the Constitutional freedoms that have made our country the envy of the world, and he will never sacrifice our basic liberties, nor use faith as a wedge to divide us. And John Kerry believes that in a dangerous world war must be an option sometimes, but it should never be the first option. You know, a while back awhile back I met a young man named Shamus in a V.F.W. Hall in East Moline, Illinois. He was a good-looking kid six two, six three, clear eyed, with an easy smile. He told me he’d joined the Marines and was heading to Iraq the following week. And as I listened to him explain why he’d enlisted, the absolute faith he had in our country and its leaders, his devotion to duty and service, I thought this young man was all that any of us might ever hope for in a child. But then I asked myself, Are we serving Shamus as well as he is serving us? I thought of the 900 men and women sons and daughters, husbands and wives, friends and neighbors, who won’t be returning to their own hometowns. I thought of the families I’ve met who were struggling to get by without a loved one’s full income, or whose loved ones had returned with a limb missing or nerves shattered, but still lacked long-term health benefits because they were Reservists. When we send our young men and women into harm’s way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they’re going, to care for their families while they’re gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world. Now Now let me be clear. Let me be clear. We have real enemies in the world. These enemies must be found. They must be pursued. And they must be defeated. John Kerry knows this. And just as Lieutenant Kerry did not hesitate to risk his life to protect the men who served with him in Vietnam, President Kerry will not hesitate one moment to use our military might to keep America safe and secure. John Kerry believes in America. And he knows that it’s not enough for just some of us to prosper for alongside our famous individualism, there’s another ingredient in the American saga, a belief that we’re all connected as one people. If there is a child on the south side of Chicago who can’t read, that matters to me, even if it’s not my child. If there is a senior citizen somewhere who can’t pay for their prescription drugs, and having to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes my life poorer, even if it’s not my grandparent. If there’s an Arab American family being rounded up without benefit of an attorney or due process, that threatens my civil liberties. It is that fundamental belief It is that fundamental belief: I am my brother’s keeper. I am my sister’s keeper that makes this country work. It’s what allows us to pursue our individual dreams and yet still come together as one American family. E pluribus unum: Out of many, one. Now even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us the spin masters, the negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there is not a liberal America and a conservative America there is the United States of America. There is not a Black America and a White America and Latino America and Asian America there’s the United States of America. The pundits, the pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into red states and blue states; red states for Republicans, blue states for Democrats. But I’ve got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the blue states, and we don’t like federal agents poking around in our libraries in the red states. We coach Little League in the blue states and yes, we’ve got some gay friends in the red states. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and there are patriots who supported the war in Iraq. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America. In the end In the end In the end, that’s what this election is about. Do we participate in a politics of cynicism or do we participate in a politics of hope? John Kerry calls on us to hope. John Edwards calls on us to hope. I’m not talking about blind optimism here the almost willful ignorance that thinks unemployment will go away if we just don’t think about it, or the health care crisis will solve itself if we just ignore it. That’s not what I’m talking about. I’m talking about something more substantial. It’s the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a millworker’s son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too. Hope Hope in the face of difficulty. Hope in the face of uncertainty. The audacity of hope! In the end, that is God’s greatest gift to us, the bedrock of this nation. A belief in things not seen. A belief that there are better days ahead. I believe that we can give our middle class relief and provide working families with a road to opportunity. I believe we can provide jobs to the jobless, homes to the homeless, and reclaim young people in cities across America from violence and despair. I believe that we have a righteous wind at our backs and that as we stand on the crossroads of history, we can make the right choices, and meet the challenges that face us. America! Tonight, if you feel the same energy that I do, if you feel the same urgency that I do, if you feel the same passion that I do, if you feel the same hopefulness that I do if we do what we must do, then I have no doubt that all across the country, from Florida to Oregon, from Washington to Maine, the people will rise up in November, and John Kerry will be sworn in as President, and John Edwards will be sworn in as Vice President, and this country will reclaim its promise, and out of this long political darkness a brighter day will come. Thank you very much everybody. God bless you. Thank you. Also in this database: Barack Obama Announcement for the U.S. Presidency Barack Obama Victory Speech

Job Design as a Motivational Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Design as a Motivational Tool - Essay Example Job enrichment is the practice of enhancing job content by building into it more motivating factors such as responsibility, achievement, recognition, and personal growth (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn). A small business owner depends a lot on the output of their staff since resources are limited. The employees must be empowered by the owner in order to get more out these employees. The job enrichment strategy can be used effectively by proving the employee with higher level of involvement in the everyday activities of the business so that the employee feels that the overall performance of the company is highly dependent of the work the person is performing. Job enlargement increases the variety of tasks by combining two or more jobs into job description that used to be performed by different set of workers. This is a very typical scenario in a small business. Sometimes the accountant is also the marketing executives. The small business owner can use this strategy, but the owner must m ake sure the employee is being compensated adequately in financial terms so that the person does not feel he / she is being exploited. Job rotation is a work layout technique that involves a horizontal approach which involves the periodical shifting or rotating of employees into different job tasks. In small company job rotation occurs intrinsic without the employees noticing the business owner is shifting their job duties. The business need determines the rotation of the employee. Employees get motivated when the manager gives them different tasks to perform because the monotony of repetitive work tasks is eliminated. Employees enjoy working in a place where their time needs are part of the equation. A system that provides the flexibility employees desired is flextime. Flextime is a job design system that allows the employee to select the time he or she will

Article Report 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Report 2 - Article Example the individual is the only one who can be responsible for their future and that if someone gets their high school education, works full time, and waits until after they are 21, they are more likely to end up in the middle class. While I do not disagree with this assessment, I also believe that this formula only represent a small part of what it takes to end up in the middle class. The fact is that there are not enough jobs in the United States for the number of workers. Unemployment can only be increased by increasing opportunities, which means that government should be creating jobs. Government does create jobs by doing public builds, creating public services that require people to work in those departments, and through incentives to businesses targeting the increase in jobs. This means giving work to businesses so that they will need more employees. A company will only hire when there is a demand for products and there is a need for builders and creators to support building those p roducts. There are some people who do not want to work, but the majority would rather have meaning in their lives through jobs that provide them with more than just food and shelter. Increasing employment increases spending, which increases wealth on all levels. I do not think increasing the minimum wage is the answer, but I do not agree that private industry will create the answer to the lack of equality in wealth within the United States. The government needs to stop focusing on corporate bail outs and pandering to the corporations as ‘entities’. Providing jobs through government programs will help to solve the problems that the United States is experiencing through increasing the spending of middle and lower classes, raising their standards of living through income, and providing for a more expanded population with means that are higher than currently experienced. CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper, that it is written in my own words except

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example for Free

The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and John Clive’s film â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are similar and different in many aspects. The main plot for example, is extremely similar in both versions. John, one of the main characters, is a doctor and tries to help his wife, the narrator, from depression he believes she suffers from. His treatment requires virtually no activity, and that she does nothing at all for several weeks. In order to make this possible, John purchases a large estate, which is isolated and quiet. He is constantly in and out of the house due to his job, so he creates a strict schedule for his wife to abide by. His possessive control over his wife’s actions is apparent in both the short story and film. It is his control that causes his wife to sneak around, for example beginning her secretive journal, which she believes relieves her mind. Clearly, these two people are not meant to be together due to their opposing views. By the end of the story, John had driven Charlotte so mad that he caught her tearing the wallpaper off the wall in her room. The little aspects are what differed between the short story and film. Things like how the house maid acted, different symbolisms, and the intentions of different characters are obvious examples. However, the similarities in John’s character between the short story and film of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† are the most important portion in analyzing these two pieces. How he treats his wife, the narrator, and how he is portrayed are the main similarities in his character. Throughout both the film and short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper, John is portrayed as the villain, or antagonist. He is viewed in this way because his treatment of the narrator, or his wife, goes terribly wrong. His actions prove that he had good intentions for his wife the entire time, but his controlling personality is ultimately what drove her insane. He did love her and want her to get better, but he did not believe she knew what was best for her. We know he loved her because after John had set all these arrangements up, he told Charlotte, â€Å"I only want what’s best for you†. Also, the fact that he had a strict schedule for his wife to abide by and his complete disregard to her attempts to escape the life she was forced into proves John cared in a way. She tried to express her feelings to John, but he only patronized her further, unknowingly making her depression worse. In both pieces, John is the narrators’ husband and is by societal law responsible to protect her. His ignorance and stubbornness causes him to do the complete opposite, because he thinks he is the one who knows what is best for her. He does not let her have a say in the matter, which is typical for men to do during this time period. Back then, woman did not really have much say in the household, in politics, or in society what so ever. However, the part when he crossed the line is when he began to treat her as if she was a patient, not his wife. This is obvious when John explains to her,  "You must abide by my schedule†. His neglect towards her feelings is what made her get sicker, and you can only push people so far before they break. That is why by the end of both pieces John finds his wife to be completely insane, crawling in their room with all of the wallpaper ripped off of the wall. John treats his wife exactly the same in both of these pieces as well. He is quoted saying, â€Å"I love you† on multiple occasions. Back during the time that these settings took place, it was common for men to think they were the more dominant gender, and for them to not want women to have a say in anything. So John clearly is not like most men of his time. Women were also considered housewives, and all of their responsibilities were in the house. So it is not a surprise that John believed he knew what was best for his wife. He did not let her have a say even in her own health, which is why eventually she ended up going crazy. This is evident when John discovered his wife’s diary. He sits her down and says, â€Å"This is not what women do†. Reading and writing he believes only stresses her brain, and that is what is causing her sickness. Even though she pleads that writing helps her relieve stress and makes her feel better, his arrogance just makes matters worse . It is also evident when John denies his wife’s request to visit with her family members. He says it is because her treatment requires her not to see anybody. He then goes on to host his own family at his house. Charlotte completely freaks out at the dinner because of all the stress. By this point in the story, the readers get a clear idea that Charlotte will not be normal again. Keeping both pieces in mind, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has to be one of the most impressive pieces I have ever read and watched. Even though it was written in the late 1800’s, it is surprisingly modern in its content. It is clear that mental illness played a major role in the mindset of the narrator. The extended metaphor of the wallpaper as the restricting force that puts down women in society was clear. I also really liked how both authors portrayed John as a rich, successful, and powerful man. I think he fit the description of how that type of man acts today, with a sense of nobility. Thinking that you know everything and can never do wrong is not a good way to live. John’s inability to complete any of his wife’s requests can be seen as a metaphor to a society that is unjust to women. Despite John’s good intentions, in the end his wife continued to suffer. I would recommend this piece to women who feel they are being put down by men, and not tr eated equally. Its meanings are deep and hard to understand, however they are powerful and significant. Every aspect of this story can be compared to modern day life. I personally see multiple similarities between the story and society today. Women are constantly not being treated fairly. Both authors did an excellent job in describing characters and hiding messages throughout the story. I know this because it was an exhausting job totally understanding these pieces.

Easter Island :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stony sentry’s, carved years ago by Polynesian craftsmen, gaze over one of the most remote places in the world. With their land enlarged by overuse, islanders now draw on a revival of their culture to attract visitors. I intend to tell about this small island off the coast of Chile named Easter Island.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Easter Island, submerged volcanic mountain range in the eastern Pacific Ocean, is located 500 miles South of the Tropic of Capricorn, and 2,200 miles West of Chile. This area is located were it is swept by strong trade winds. Because of his, the island remains warm through out the year. As you know, Easter Island is small. To be exact it has an area of 64 square miles about the size of Washington D.C. Easter Island’s population as grown a lot since diseases spread to most of the island in1877. Some of the remaining people left for South America, and the island was left 110 people. The population grew throughout the years in 1955 it was 990, in 1980 it was 1,842 and in 1989 it was 2,095.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As many people have traditions, at parties and other celebrations, Easter Island has its own. They paint their bodies, the chant, they dance and the sing songs of their forbears. Each September, flocks of sooty terns come to nest on tiny islets about a mile off the shore. Since ancient times, there have been ceremonies to celebrate the birds’ arrival and to choose the birdman. The birdman competition is where each clan selected a representative to swim to the islets where the birds nested. They are to find and egg and swim back the first one back with an unbroken egg becomes the birdman. Another competition is during Tapati Rapa Nui - Rapa Nui is where guys race with heavy loads on their backs to try to win points for a girl, out of many girls, who want to be crowned festival queen. Some islanders practice the custom of elongating their earlobes. This was done by piercing the ear and gradually enlarging the hole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today most experts believe that Easter Island was first settled by Polynesians looking for a new homeland. About 1680 A.D, the quality of life on the island began to decrease. At this time, clan rivals erupted in a bloody battle between long ears and shorts ears. This destruction of the islands natural resource undoubtedly contributed to its decline.

“Animal Farm” Essay Introduction Essay

Animal Farm, like the first book of  Gulliver’s Travels  (a satire on Queen Anne’s court), began as a tract with a political motive. Farmer Jones’s Manor Farm is an Orwellian Lilliput, satirising the pretensions of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its prompt corruption by a new, more ruthless power elite than even the Czarist regime under Ivan the Terrible. Manor Farm was once owned by aristocrats – lords of the manor. Hence its name. Before the ‘Rebellion’ it has become the property of a gentleman farmer, who is in fact, a drunken, philistine brute, lower, morally, than the animals he owns and exploits. The clever pigs make the political analysis that the animals slave, and are harvested, for the sole benefit of their owner. What right has Jones to exploit them, their labour and their very flesh on his table? They draw up a political code – ‘Animalism’ (ch. 2). Its slogans are ‘All Animals Are Equal’ (ch. 2) and ‘Four Legs Good, Two Legs Bad’ (ch. 3). The pigs mastermind a successful uprising, calling it a ‘Rebellion’. After much bloodshed the animals take over the farm. Power then has its universal effect. Having ruthlessly secured their leadership, the pigs install a totalitarian state, complete with canine police, thought control, liquidation and purges. They reserve for themselves creature comforts and owners’ privileges. For the lower animals, life is, if anything, even harder than it was under Jones: But if there were hardships to be borne, they were partly offset by the fact that life nowadays had a greater dignity than it had had before. There were more songs, more speeches, more processions. Napoleon had commanded that once a week there should be held something called a Spontaneous Demonstration, the object of which was to celebrate the struggles and triumphs of Animal Farm. (ch. 9) In the fable’s controversial conclusion the pigs – now owners of a highly profitable enterprise (for them and their dogs) – make peace with their ‘fellow’ human farmers. The animals look, in perplexity, through the windows of the farm-house: The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. (ch. 10) The new guiding slogan for the future of the farm is: ‘All Animals Are Equal But Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others’ (ch. 10).

Online Job Portal

| ONLINE JOB PORTAL Project Duration: Two Months | | | | team membersShivanjali garg kejung kimsing arushi meenaclass teachermrs. uma sharmab. sC (hons) computer science (4th semester)| | ARSD CollegeUniversity of Delhi2012-2013 Academic Year| | 1. Introduction 2. 1 Purpose 2. 2 Scope 2. 3 Functional Requirements 2. 4 Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 2. 5 Objective 2. 6 References 2. 7 Technologies to be used 2. 8 Overview 2. Overall Description 3. 9 Product Functions 3. 10 User Characteristics 3. 1 Constraints 3. 12 Process Model 3. 13 Architectural Design 3. 14. 1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) 3. 14. 2 Data Dictionary 3. 14. 3 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) 3. 14. 4 Sequence Diagram 3. 14 Use case Model Survey 3. 15 Timeline Chart(Gantt Chart) 3. Estimation 4. 16 Problem Based Estimation (Function Point Metrics) 4. Risk Table and RMMM plan 5. Structure design Methodology 6. Testing Software Requirements Specification 1. 0 Introduction â€Å"Online Job portal† is a web-ba sed application, which helps end user to finding a job with searching criteria like preferred location, job type, work profile and packages.One can post his/her details on this portal with all relative information. There are many respective facilities given to end user. This application provides logins to the end user and Employer type. End user can Create, edit and delete information by using his/her user ID and password. Whereas Employer can search the profiles. Application takes care of all the security issues so that only the authorize logins and even only the computers can access the relevant information. There are three primary users in this application: 1. Job Seekers 2. Employer and 3. AdministratorThe system administrator will have the ability to clean, clear and maintain the database and the whole system management issue. I. Administrator 1. Verify users account given them right to access the right 2. Block a user 3. Create categories on job 4. Create subcategories on the type of job II. Employers 1. Create vacancies for job seekers 2. Search candidates based on their profiles 3. Can schedule an interview with technical professionals 4. Can select interviewers 5. Can send email to selected candidates III. Jobseekers 1. Create an account with a complete profile 2. Search for jobs with different categories 3.Edit/update the profile 4. Apply online for jobs 1. 1 Purpose Computerized Online Job Search System is developed to facilitate the General Administrative system to manage the various information of the Job Seeker and Job Provider and the processes involved in a Placement company. So that, the organization can access accurate information quickly and easily as and when required, thereby improving its operational efficiency and effectiveness. In today’s competitive environment, where everybody is on the top, the Information plays very crucial roles. As far as information is accessed and processed, it can give good result.Today internet is a fas t way of transferring Data and Information over wide area, hence we have used internet as a way for exchanging information. Computerized Systems helps to fulfill these goals. Computerization of the official works will help in doing lot of manual work quickly. It will help in easy storage and access of all information, in short period of time. This way convenience will prevail both for the Job Seeker and the Job Provider. The development of this new website contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. This Site Can provide the recruitment information sending option for the Job providers * This website can provide the mail alert and mobile alert facility for the jobseekers * Administrator can control both job provider’s and as well as jobseeker’s Information 1. 2 Scope The scope of the Online Job Portal includes the following key points: 1. It should contain all the information about Com panies and Vacancies which is in this site. 2. It should contain all the information of Job seeker such as * Personal Details * Professional Details * Educational Detail etc. 3.It should process and evaluate job registered by companies. 4. It should contain information related to Job expiry and registration. 5. It should have administrator for scheduling administrative work of site. 1. 3 Functional Requirements †¢ The System should enable Project Managers to submit their job requirements to the HR for posting. †¢ System should incorporate an approval cycle where the HR validates the submitted job posting before posting to the portal †¢ On Approval, the job posting is assigned to an Internal Sourcing Team, who will receive a notification of the new job posting. System should enable Internal Sourcing Team to recommend applicants for associated jobs to the Project Manager †¢ System should enable employees to view and apply different jobs, allow discussions about job s etc. †¢ System should enable Project Managers to View their Job Postings, Applicant details and their profiles for a particular Job Posting, Recommended Applicant details and their profiles for a particular Job Posting Comments or Activities on different postings etc.. †¢ On successful selection, system should enable project Managers to close the job posting and the status of the job should reflect as â€Å"Hired† across the shared communities, dis-allowing employees to further apply for the job. 1. 4 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations: * HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language): It is used to create static web pages. * JSP (Java Server Pages): It is used to create dynamic web content. * J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition): It is a programming platform, belonging to the Java platform, which is used for developing and running distributed java applications.WASCE (Web Sphere Application Server Community Edition): It is an application server that runs and supports the J2E E and the web service applications. * WSAD (Web Sphere Studio Application Developer): It is a designer toolkit which is designed to develop more complex projects by providing a complete dynamic web service. * DB2 (IBM Database 2): It is a database management system that provides a flexible and efficient database platform to raise a strong â€Å"on demand† business applications. * HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): It is a transaction oriented client/ server protocol between a web browser and a web server. . 5 Objective: This project is aimed at developing a web site for Online Job Portal. It is of great importance to the unemployed people. This site allocates the right job information for suitable persons. All the jobseekers as well as job providers’ information are stored in the database. 1. 6 References * BOOKS * R. S. Pressman, Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach * P. Jalote, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering 1. 7 Technologies to be used * J2EE: (Servlet, JSP, JAXP, Java Beans) Application architecture. * JAVA: Application architecture. WASCE: (Web Sphere Application Server Community Edition) Web Server * DB2: IBM Database. * Ajax: Asynchronous Java Script and XML. * XML: Extension Markup Language. * Web 2. 0: RSS Feed 2. 0. * Localization: 3 Languages – Hindi, Kannada, and English 1. 8 Overview The SRS will include two sections, namely: * Overall Description: This section will describe major components of the system, interconnections, and external interfaces. * Specific Requirements: This section will describe the functions of actors, their roles in the system and the constraints faced by the system. 2. 0 Overall descriptionThe Online Job Portal System is a package to be used by agencies to improve the efficiency of business. The Online Job Portal System to be developed benefits greatly the members. The system provides jobs catalogue and information to members and helps them decide on the jobs to apply . The Admin can keep the jobs catalogue updated all the time so that the members (Job seekers and the agencies) get the updated information all the time. The main users are users: Admin, Members who are the Job seekers and the agencies. 2. 1 Product Function I. Job Employer Job Employer section, which is further sub-divided into – Call for an interview date ? Call for an interview time Call for an asking Job Seeker want to go for an interview? Call for an asking Job Seeker about feedback of interview facing? Check the status true if selecting in the job. II. Job Administrator Job Administration section, which is further sub-divided into four subsections: Check the status true if call back from the company. Also check the status false if Job Seeker is rejected. Viewing members. Emailing Register New Administrator Add Country Add State Add City Edit/Delete Recruiter Edit/Delete Job Seeker View Reports III. Employee Section * Registration Resume upload in the speci fied format * Upload Video/ Audio Resumes – giving an extra edge to the deserving candidates * References/Video References * Option of Video Interviews * Advance search by keywords, location, job title, skill, industry, company, profile * Interest list for Jobs and the option of posting resumes to the entire list in one go * Option of tracking pervious applications * Directory Services like – â€Å"Best places to work† * Creative Resume writing service (paid service). * Option of having Personal Web Page (Profile Builder) – The professional details could be filled through simple designed form.Upload images, scanned salary slips, academic records, experience certificate, passport copy etc. , with a link and it could be accessed online from anywhere with feature of differential access. * Option of taking Industry endorsed tests for better employability and put them on the personal web page along with the resume * Confidentiality feature to define privacy le vel e. g. block current employer from accessing profile. * Access to Customer care * Spell Check facility for the resume * Interview Scheduler – an alert through the email or mobile phone. 2. 2 User CharacteristicsThe user should be familiar with the internet. The user should have knowledge of the area for which he has to file the complaint. 2. 3 Constraints: * GUI is only in English. * Login and password is used for identification of user and there is no facility for guest. * This system is working for multiple servers. * There is no maintainability of back up so availability will get affected * Limited to HTTP/HTTPS. 2. 4 Process Model SPIRAL MODEL SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model o discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. It is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall method. Fig 1. 0 Spiral Model Reasons for using this model in our project: Estimates (i. e. budget, schedule etc. ) become more realistic as work progresses, because important issues discovered earlier. * It is more able to cope with the changes that are software development generally entails. * Software engineers can get their hands in and start working on the core of a project earlier. * It’s a realistic approach to the development of large scale system and software. Architectural Design 12 Data Flow Diagram Level-0 Level – 1 2. 13 Data Dictionary Job Provider Reg-info = User name + Passwords + Em ail ID + Mobile No Login = User name + Passwords Submit = Job id + Job infoView and Post = Job vacancies + update jobs Job seeker Reg-info = User name + Passwords + Email ID + Mobile No Login info = User name + Passwords Receive = notification Update info = Upload resume Apply for a job = Job id + apply for job Receive = interview call letter Admin Login = User name + Passwords Check report = Complain id 2. 11 ER Diagram C-name URL Address Contacts Home Type of Sector Contact Us Sign Up 1 M Visit Job portal Company Login 1 1 1 Visit D -Resume Post M N M N Qualification M Search Job seeker Job Location Name Category Contact Address Criteria Exp DOB Position Job id Salary 2. 5. Sequence Diagram 2. 5 Use case Model Survey Approve the vacancy Administrator Login Put the vacancy on website Download the CV Send the reply to jobseeker Search for job Register Apply the job Upload resume Employer Check their qualification Job seeker 1. ADMINISTRATOR: * Name of use case:- ADMINSTRATOR * Descr iptions:-To manage the user accounts and maintain the database and user accounts. * Pre-conditions:- administrator user name and password. * Normal flow of events:- ?new login, password, details of the user location id, roles, permissions a granted. ?save details. ?manage the permissions of other users. Alternative flow of events:-if login is wrong then message appears. * Post conditions:-Management of user accounts and permissions. 2. REGISTRATION * Name of usecase:-CREATE the account * Descriptions:-the user can create a new account in the site. * Pre-conditions:- ?not a member of the site. ?invalid username and password. * Normal flow of events:- ?enter the details and submit. ?login the site. ?logout the site. * Alternative flow of events:- ?invalid username. ?invalid password. * Post conditions:- User can use the valuable resources in the site and view the various Job Opportunities. 3.JOB SEEKER * Name of usecase:-Job Seeker * Descriptions:-Job seeker can register & login to th e website and can upload his resume and can search for a desired job followed by applying for it * Pre-conditions:- ?Must have prepared his resume. ?Must have all the required job details. ?Must be eligible to apply for a job ?Must have registered for a job ?Must have prepared his resume * Normal flow of events:- ?enter the details and submit. ?login the site. ?upload a resume ?search for a job ?apply for a job ?check his application status ?can access to customer care * Alternative flow of events:- invalid username. ?invalid password. ?not eligible for the job ?not job is available for which the seeker is eligible ?no vacancies in any company ?have already applied for all the vacancies * Post conditions:- user can wait for the companies to give him a call for the interviews and can regularly check his mails for the alerts(if any)send by he administrator 4. JOB PROVIDER * Name of use case:-Job Provider * Descriptions:-Job Provider can register & login to the website and can add the vacancies update and delete them. * Pre-conditions:- ?Must have some vacancies for chances of vacancies in the future ?Must be eligible to register his company registration ?Must have registered to the site * Normal flow of events:- ?enter the details and submit. ?login the site. ?add the vacancies ?update the vacancies ?delete the vacancies ?check who all have register their vacancy and can contact to them personally * Alternative flow of events:- ?invalid username. ?invalid password. ?not eligible for registering ?no vacancies in the company ?no user registered for the vacancy * Post conditions:- Provider can take the note of the seekers who he wants to call for an interview and can contact with them through mails or calls. . 17 Timeline Chart(Gantt Chart) Work Tasks| 1st Week| 2nd Week| 3rd Week| 4th Week| 5th Week| 1. Communication Meet with team in-charge Identify needs and project constraints Establish product statement Milestone: Product statement defined2. Planning Technical task Risk analysis Source requirement Design and product analysis Project time schedule Milestone: Completion of planning3. Modeling Deciding model Analysis used model Milestone: Model selected4. Construction Code generation Testing Milestone: Completed construction5.Deployment Review the project Delivered to the customer Feedback based on evaluation Milestone: Project completed| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. 2 Computing Function Points Information Domain Value| Count| | Weighting FactorsSimple Average Complex| | | External Inputs| 8| x| 3| 4| 6| =| 24| External outputs| 5| x| 4| 5| 7| =| 20| External Inquiries| 3| x| 3| 4| 6| =| 09| Internal Logical Files| 6| x| 7| 10| 15| =| 42| External Interface Files| 0| x| 5| 7| 10| =| 0| Count Total| 95| To compute function points (FP), the following relationship is used: FP = count total x [0. 5 + 0. 01 x ? (Fi)] = 95x{0. 65+0. 01Ãâ€"46} = 105. 45 Where count total is the sume of all FP entries obtained from the Fi ( i = 1 to 14) are value adjustment factors (VAF) based on responses to the following. 1. Data communication 2. Distributed processing 3. Performance objectives 4. Operation configuration load 5. Transaction rate 6. On-line data entry 7. End user efficiency 8. On-line update 9. Complex processing logic 10. Re-usability 11. Installation ease 12. Operational ease 13. Multiple sites 14. Desier to facilitate change 4. 2. 2 Empirical model based estimation (COCOMO II model) No. f screens in the project: 14 No. of reports: 5 No. of 3GL components: 1 Developer’s experience/capability: Very Low % reuse: 70 Taking the values from the given tables: Thus Object Points= [14X1 + 5X2 ] =24 NOP= (object points) X [(100-%reuse)/100] =24 X 0. 30=7. 2 PROD=4 Thus Estimated effort=NOP/PROD=7. 2/4=1. 8 person-months RISK MANAGEMENT Risks| Category| Probability| Impact| Size estimate may be significantly low| PS| 60%| 2| Large number of users than planned| PS| 30%| 3| Less use than planned| PS| 70% | 2| End users resist system| BU| 40%| 3| Delivery deadline will be tightened| BU| 50%| 2|Customer will change requirements| PS| 80%| 2| Lack of training on tools | DE| 80%| 3| Staff inexperienced| ST| 60%| 2| Poor standard of work| ST| 40%| 1| Poor feedback| BU| 30%| 2| Incomplete requirements| PS| 30%| 2| Risk | Consequence | Action | Size estimate may be significantly low. | Inefficient resource allocation for the software resulting in delivery delays. | Close look at requirement collection process. | Less reuse than planned. | Development time will increase. | Develop efficient SRS. | Customer will change requirements. | Might lead to start of development from scratch. Choose an efficient model that can cope with sudden changes in requirements. | Staff Inexperienced. | Might lead to development of incomplete software. Completed project may receive poor reviews. | Choose the project team efficiently with proper mix of experiences | Poor standard of work. | Will result in a poor q uality project. Some elements may need to be redone. Completed project may receive poor reviews. | Carry out a thorough procurement process looking at issues of experience and quality as well as cost. Include appropriate contingency. | Delivery Deadline may be tightened. Delay in deployment. | Deadline should be carefully calculated keeping all areas in mind. | Poor public response to the software. | Wastage of development efforts with financial losses. | Conduct a survey to get information about market trends. | Requirements are incomplete. | Incomplete software. May get rejected by the customer. | Requirements should be carefully understood and documented. | Lack of training on tools. | Inefficient software product with chances of defects. | Developers should be well trained and comfortable with the development tools. | | | | End users resist system. Redevelopment of the product from scratch. | End users terms and conditions should be mentioned in the SRS. | Larger number of users than planned. | Database will need to be expanded. | Database should be big enough to cope with the worst case situations. | | | | 5. Design 7. 1 Structured Design Methodology Get username & password notifications apply confirmation validate joblist userid resume name&pwd System Database Main Print confirmation Login Apply Notifications Check passwords Check username Get passwords Get username validation login input Send resume Select company pply select view notifications Print Validate Username & password 6. Testing (White Box) 8. 1 Pseudo code 1. If(name==s. name && pwd==s. pwd) 2. then display notifications 3. else re-enter name and password 4. print â€Å"enter valid job category† 5. read j_c 6. if(j_c==s. jc[]) 7. then display job list 8. else print † no such category† 9. display â€Å"select valid job_id† 10. i=1,n=5; 11. do while(i

Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society

Pros and Cons of Abortion in Modern Society Introduction: â€Å"In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe vs. Wade (410 U.S. 113) that a right of personal privacy exists under the constitution and this right includes a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy (Haas-Wilson, 140).† It was believed that this court ruling would end public debate over abortion. Instead, it has fueled controversy and debate, which have continued over the last thirty years. On one side, there are the pro-choice supporters. These individuals base their argument on a woman’s right to choose how and when she will reproduce. On the other side of this argument are pro-life supporters. They argue on the basis of morality and right to life for the unborn child. Somewhere in the middle of these two extremes is where most Americans fall. Those who are â€Å"on the fence† often qualify their support of abortion by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy. In this essay, I will explore the three views of abortion and their e ffect on my personal opinion. First, I will discuss the history of abortion laws. Second, I will outline the reasons why women choose to have abortions. Third, I will explain the pro-choice argument. Fourth, I will explain the pro-life argument. Fifth, I will discuss the middle of the road views and their impact. Sixth, I will discuss my personal views on abortion. Seventh, and finally, I will conclude with a summary of my main points. History of Abortion: â€Å"The history of abortion law represents a complicated process of various tendencies working towards and against the legality of abortion (Deflem, 787).† Prior to the 1960’s, abortion was regulated as being a crime except in circumstances where the mother’s life was in danger. In some states, including Pennsylvania, however, this rare exception was not even cause for termination of pregnancy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, several states passed more liberal ... Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society Pros and Cons of Abortion in Modern Society Introduction: â€Å"In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Roe vs. Wade (410 U.S. 113) that a right of personal privacy exists under the constitution and this right includes a woman’s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy (Haas-Wilson, 140).† It was believed that this court ruling would end public debate over abortion. Instead, it has fueled controversy and debate, which have continued over the last thirty years. On one side, there are the pro-choice supporters. These individuals base their argument on a woman’s right to choose how and when she will reproduce. On the other side of this argument are pro-life supporters. They argue on the basis of morality and right to life for the unborn child. Somewhere in the middle of these two extremes is where most Americans fall. Those who are â€Å"on the fence† often qualify their support of abortion by the circumstances surrounding the pregnancy. In this essay, I will explore the three views of abortion and their effect on my personal opinion. First, I will discuss the history of abortion laws. Second, I will outline the reasons why women choose to have abortions. Third, I will explain the pro-choice argument. Fourth, I will explain the pro-life argument. Fifth, I will discuss the middle of the road views and their impact. Sixth, I will discuss my personal views on abortion. Seventh, and finally, I will conclude with a summary of my main points. History of Abortion: â€Å"The history of abortion law represents a complicated process of various tendencies working towards and against the legality of abortion (Deflem, 787).† Prior to the 1960’s, abortion was regulated as being a crime except in circumstances where the mother’s life was in danger. In some states, including Pennsylvania, however, this rare exception was not even cause for termination of pregnancy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, several states passed more liberal ...

Issues Concerning Economic Inequalities in America Term Paper

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